AER Robustness
Overview
A modern AER referee report contains three predictable demands:
- Robustness — does the result survive specification changes?
- Heterogeneity — where does the effect concentrate, and is that consistent with the proposed channel?
- Mechanism — why does X cause Y?
This skill anticipates all three so that the referee finds the answer already in the paper. Skipping this step turns a referee report into a 6-month delay.
When to Use
- The main result table exists but the rest of the empirical section is thin
- An R&R demands "additional checks" without specifying which
- Drafting the appendix before submission
- Diagnosing why a prior submission drew a "needs more robustness" rejection
The Referee-Anticipating Battery
Every empirical AER paper should report, at minimum:
Robustness
- Alternative specifications — drop covariates one at a time; include fixed effects at finer/coarser granularity; weight observations differently
- Alternative samples — drop the largest unit; drop the most influential time period; restrict to balanced panel; restrict to comparable subsets
- Alternative outcome definitions — log vs. level; winsorized at 1% / 5%; alternative deflators
- Alternative clustering — cluster at the next-higher level (e.g., state if main is county); two-way cluster; wild cluster bootstrap if few clusters
- Alternative estimators — if main is OLS, show IV; if main is TWFE, show Callaway-Sant'Anna; if main is RD, show donut and bandwidth grid
- Outlier diagnostics — Cook's distance, leverage; rerun excluding top-1% influential observations
Heterogeneity
Report heterogeneity that the theory predicts, not heterogeneity discovered by mining:
- By unit characteristics relevant to the mechanism (e.g., effect should be larger in low-credit-access counties if the channel is credit)
- By time period (early vs. late treatment effects under staggered adoption)
- By treatment intensity if treatment is continuous
- Quantile treatment effects if distributional consequences matter
- Subgroup analysis pre-registered in PAP for field experiments; otherwise label as exploratory
Mechanism
Distinguish two purposes:
- Channel evidence — show auxiliary outcomes consistent with the proposed mechanism. Not causal mediation; just consistency.
- Ruling out alternatives — identify the 2-3 most plausible alternative explanations a smart referee will raise, and present evidence against each.
State both explicitly in the manuscript. Do not let the reader infer.
Placebo
- Pre-treatment placebo — fake the treatment date; the effect should be zero
- Cross-unit placebo — assign treatment to randomly chosen never-treated units; the distribution of placebo effects should bracket zero
- Outcome placebo — apply the design to an outcome that should not respond; null result strengthens the main story
Specification Curve (Recommended for Contested Results)
If the result is contested or counterintuitive, present a specification curve (Simonsohn-Simmons-Nelson 2020) showing the estimate across all reasonable analytic choices. This converts "you chose your specification to get this result" into "the result holds across the entire reasonable choice set."
Anticipating the Top 5 Referee Comments
For any empirical paper, predict and pre-empt:
| Comment | Pre-emption |
|---|---|
| "The result may be driven by [omitted variable]" | Include it as a control; show robustness without it |
| "Standard errors are not clustered correctly" | Report 2-3 clustering schemes; wild bootstrap if needed |
| "Pre-trends look suspect" | Formal joint test + honest DiD bounds |
| "This is a mechanical effect from [other channel]" | Direct placebo or sample restriction excluding that channel |
| "Effect size is implausibly large/small" | Sanity-check against existing magnitudes in the literature |
Power and Precision
A null result is publishable at AER if and only if:
- The design has demonstrable power to detect the relevant effect size
- The confidence interval is tight enough to rule out economically meaningful magnitudes
- The interpretation does not over-claim "no effect" when the data say "no precisely-estimated effect"
Always report 95% CIs alongside p-values. Many AER editors explicitly prefer effect-size reporting over significance stars.
Appendix Structure
Keep main-text robustness to one table with each row a different specification. Push the deep robustness into the appendix in this order:
- Additional specifications and clustering
- Alternative samples and outcome definitions
- Heterogeneity tables
- Placebo and falsification tests
- Mechanism evidence
- Theoretical extensions / model details
- Data appendix (sources, cleaning, variable construction)
What Not to Include
- Robustness checks that confirm what no one would doubt (e.g., "controls for year fixed effects do not change the result" when year FE are already in the main spec)
- Twenty specifications of which two are highlighted; the referee will notice
- "We have additional results available upon request" — at AER this is not credible
Reporting Discipline
- Every robustness table reports the same point estimate column as the main table for direct comparison
- Heterogeneity is reported as interaction coefficients, not as separately-estimated subgroup tables (unless heterogeneity is the point of the paper)
- Magnitude differences are explained in the text, not left to the reader to compute
- Sample-size changes across rows are flagged
StatsPAI Tool Bindings
When a StatsPAI MCP server is connected, drive the referee-anticipating battery
through validated tools rather than hand-rolled scripts — and let
audit_result enumerate what is still missing instead of guessing. The full
registry lives in skills/aer-statspai/SKILL.md.
| Check | Call (StatsPAI) | Do not hand-roll |
|---|---|---|
| Missing-checks enumeration | audit_result | picking robustness checks from memory |
| Specification curve | spec_curve | a hand-picked grid of two flattering specs |
| Few-cluster inference | wild_cluster_bootstrap, twoway_cluster | default cluster-robust SEs with < 30 clusters |
| Spatial correlation | conley | ignoring spatial dependence in geographic data |
| Pre-trends sensitivity | honest_did, honest_did_from_result | asserting parallel trends from a flat pre-period |
| Selection on unobservables | oster_delta, oster_bounds, sensitivity_from_result | a hand-rolled "controls barely move the coefficient" claim |
| Robustness value (partial R²) | robustness_value | a coefficient-stability table with no partial-R² sensitivity |
| Differential attrition | lee_bounds | assuming attrition is "balanced" without trimming bounds |
| Observational confounding | evalue_from_result | a verbal "unobservables would have to be huge" argument |
| Heterogeneity / CATE | causal_forest, metalearner | subgroup splits mined until one is significant |
| Multiple-outcome FWER | romano_wolf | reporting many outcomes with uncorrected p-values |
Repository Resources
Bundled with the installed skill, no repository checkout needed --- read it before the repo resources below:
references/robustness-menu.md--- required-vs-optional robustness menu with package calls and reporting formats
When working from the AER-skills repository or plugin bundle, load only the resource needed for the paper's design:
- Method-specific diagnostics and citations:
docs/methods-reference.md - Robustness implementation starting points:
templates/stata/04_robustness.do,templates/r/04_robustness.R, ortemplates/python/robustness.py - Heterogeneity implementation starting points:
templates/stata/05_heterogeneity.do,templates/r/05_heterogeneity.R, ortemplates/python/heterogeneity.py
Coverage Gate
The empirical section is referee-ready only when all are present and theory-motivated (not mined):
- Robustness spans specification, sample, outcome definition, clustering, and estimator
- Heterogeneity is mechanism-predicted (interaction form), labeled pre-specified vs. exploratory
- Mechanism shows both channel evidence and explicit ruling-out of the 2-3 leading alternatives
- Placebo / falsification covers pre-treatment, cross-unit, and outcome placebo as applicable
- Each of the top-5 anticipated referee comments has a visible pre-emption in the paper
- Any null is reported with demonstrated power and tight CIs, never over-claimed as "no effect"
Handoff
textROBUSTNESS COVERAGE: <spec / sample / outcome / cluster / estimator> HETEROGENEITY: <pre-specified / exploratory> MECHANISM EVIDENCE: <channel / ruling-out / both> PLACEBO TESTS: <list> ANTICIPATED REFEREE COMMENTS PRE-EMPTED: <count> NEXT SKILL: <aer-paper-body | aer-tables-figures>
Anti-Patterns
- Adding robustness checks the morning before submission, with no analysis-plan rationale
- Heterogeneity by every demographic — referee will read this as fishing
- Mechanism evidence that contradicts the main effect's sign on a subsample, presented as if it confirms the channel
- A 30-page appendix that adds noise without addressing the obvious counterarguments
