File and Directory Operations
Overview
Linux file system operation skills, including file search, batch operations, permission management, etc.
File Search
find Command
bash# Search by name find /path -name "*.log" find /path -iname "*.LOG" # Case insensitive # Search by type find /path -type f # Files find /path -type d # Directories find /path -type l # Symbolic links # Search by time find /path -mtime -7 # Modified within 7 days find /path -mtime +30 # Modified more than 30 days ago find /path -mmin -60 # Modified within 60 minutes # Search by size find /path -size +100M # Larger than 100MB find /path -size -1k # Smaller than 1KB # Combined conditions find /path -name "*.log" -mtime +7 -size +10M
locate Command
bash# Quick search (requires database update) locate filename updatedb # Update database # Case insensitive locate -i filename
File Operations
Basic Operations
bash# Copy cp file1 file2 cp -r dir1 dir2 # Recursive copy directory cp -p file1 file2 # Preserve attributes # Move/Rename mv file1 file2 mv file1 /path/to/dest/ # Delete rm file rm -rf dir # Recursive force delete rm -i file # Interactive confirmation # Create touch file # Create empty file mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3 # Recursive create directories
Batch Operations
bash# Batch rename rename 's/old/new/' *.txt for f in *.txt; do mv "$f" "${f%.txt}.md"; done # Batch delete find /path -name "*.tmp" -delete find /path -name "*.log" -mtime +30 -exec rm {} \; # Batch copy find /src -name "*.conf" -exec cp {} /dest/ \;
File Content
View Files
bashcat file # Full content head -n 20 file # First 20 lines tail -n 20 file # Last 20 lines tail -f file # Real-time follow less file # Paginated view # Statistics wc -l file # Line count wc -w file # Word count wc -c file # Byte count
File Comparison
bashdiff file1 file2 diff -u file1 file2 # Unified format diff -r dir1 dir2 # Compare directories # Side-by-side comparison sdiff file1 file2 vimdiff file1 file2
Permission Management
View Permissions
bashls -la stat file
Modify Permissions
bash# Numeric mode chmod 755 file # rwxr-xr-x chmod 644 file # rw-r--r-- # Symbolic mode chmod u+x file # Add execute for user chmod g-w file # Remove write for group chmod o=r file # Set read-only for others chmod a+r file # Add read for all # Recursive modify chmod -R 755 dir
Modify Owner
bashchown user file chown user:group file chown -R user:group dir # Recursive modify
Common Scenarios
Scenario 1: Clean Up Large Files
bash# Find files larger than 100MB find / -type f -size +100M -exec ls -lh {} \; 2>/dev/null # Find and sort by size du -ah /path | sort -rh | head -20
Scenario 2: Find Recently Modified Files
bash# Files modified within 24 hours find /path -type f -mtime -1 # Sort by modification time ls -lt /path | head -20
Scenario 3: Batch Replace File Content
bash# Single file replacement sed -i 's/old/new/g' file # Batch replacement find /path -name "*.conf" -exec sed -i 's/old/new/g' {} \;
Troubleshooting
| Problem | Solution |
|---|---|
| Permission denied | Use sudo or check file permissions |
| Disk space full | df -h, du -sh * to find large files |
| Special characters in filename | Use quotes or escape rm "file name" |
| Slow deletion of many files | Use rsync --delete or find -delete |
