Interview Transcription

Interview transcription and management

Practical workflows for journalists managing interviews from preparation through publication.

When to activate

• Preparing questions for an interview
• Processing audio/video recordings
• Creating or managing transcripts
• Organizing notes from multiple sources
• Building a source relationship database
• Generating timestamped quotes for fact-checking
• Converting recordings to publishable quotes

Recording setup for transcription

For pre-interview research, question design, attribution agreements, and consent scripts, use the interview-prep skill. The notes here cover only the recording configuration that affects transcription quality.

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# Standard recording configuration for clean transcription
RECORDING_SETTINGS = {
    'format': 'wav',           # Lossless for transcription
    'sample_rate': 16000,      # Whisper resamples to 16k anyway; 16k saves disk
    'channels': 1,             # Mono is fine for speech; stereo only if mics are positionally distinct
    'backup': True,            # Always run a backup recorder
}

# File naming convention
# YYYY-MM-DD_source-lastname_topic.wav
# Example: 2026-05-08_smith_budget-hearing.wav

Two-device rule. Always record on two devices. Phone as backup minimum. If using a wireless lav mic, the recorder built into the lav unit is one device; the phone running a backup app is the second.

Mono is preferred unless each speaker has their own dedicated microphone routed to a distinct channel. Stereo with both speakers bleeding into both channels is worse for diarization than clean mono.

Transcription workflows

Automated transcription pipeline

Vanilla OpenAI Whisper transcribes audio to text but does not assign speaker labels. To get diarized output ("Speaker 1:" / "Speaker 2:" / etc.) you need a tool that combines Whisper with a diarization model, typically WhisperX (m-bain/whisperX), which wraps faster-whisper transcription with pyannote.audio diarization and produces word-level timestamps with speaker IDs in one pass.

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from pathlib import Path
import subprocess
import json

def transcribe_interview(
    audio_path: str,
    output_dir: str = "./transcripts",
    diarize: bool = True,
    hf_token: str | None = None,
    min_speakers: int = 2,
    max_speakers: int = 2,
) -> dict:
    """
    Transcribe an interview using WhisperX (Whisper + pyannote diarization).
    Returns a transcript with word-level timestamps and speaker labels.

    Diarization needs a Hugging Face token with access to the pyannote
    speaker-diarization-3.1 model. Accept the model EULA at
    huggingface.co/pyannote/speaker-diarization-3.1 once, then pass the token.
    """
    Path(output_dir).mkdir(exist_ok=True)

    cmd = [
        'whisperx', audio_path,
        '--model', 'large-v3',
        '--output_format', 'json',
        '--output_dir', output_dir,
        '--language', 'en',
        '--compute_type', 'int8',     # CPU-friendly; use 'float16' on GPU
        '--min_speakers', str(min_speakers),
        '--max_speakers', str(max_speakers),
    ]

    if diarize:
        cmd.append('--diarize')
        if hf_token:
            cmd += ['--hf_token', hf_token]

    subprocess.run(cmd, check=True, capture_output=True)

    json_path = Path(output_dir) / f"{Path(audio_path).stem}.json"
    with open(json_path) as f:
        return json.load(f)

def format_for_editing(transcript: dict) -> str:
    """Convert to journalist-friendly format with timestamps."""
    lines = []
    for segment in transcript.get('segments', []):
        timestamp = format_timestamp(segment['start'])
        text = segment['text'].strip()
        lines.append(f"[{timestamp}] {text}")
    return '\n\n'.join(lines)

def format_timestamp(seconds: float) -> str:
    """Convert seconds to HH:MM:SS format."""
    h = int(seconds // 3600)
    m = int((seconds % 3600) // 60)
    s = int(seconds % 60)
    return f"{h:02d}:{m:02d}:{s:02d}"

Falling back to plain Whisper. If diarization is overkill or you can't get a Hugging Face token, drop the --diarize flag, the model still produces accurate timestamped transcription and you label speakers manually based on context. faster-whisper (CTranslate2 backend) is the speed-optimized variant and works the same way at the CLI. whisper.cpp is the C++ port for resource-constrained machines (Raspberry Pi, older laptops); it doesn't include diarization but runs the small/medium models on CPU comfortably.

Manual transcription template

For sensitive interviews or when AI transcription fails:

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## Transcript: [Source] - [Date]

**Recording file**: [filename]
**Duration**: [XX:XX]
**Transcribed by**: [name]
**Verified against recording**: [ ] Yes / [ ] No

---

[00:00:15] **Q**: [Your question]

[00:00:45] **A**: [Source response - verbatim, including ums, pauses noted as (...)]

[00:01:30] **Q**: [Follow-up]

[00:01:42] **A**: [Response]

---

## Notes
- [Anything not captured in audio: gestures, documents shown, etc.]

## Potential quotes
- [00:01:42] "Quote that stands out" - context: [why it matters]

Quote extraction and verification

Pull quotes workflow

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from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Optional
import re

@dataclass
class Quote:
    text: str
    timestamp: str
    speaker: str
    context: str
    verified: bool = False
    used_in: Optional[str] = None

class QuoteBank:
    """Manage quotes from interview transcripts."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.quotes = []

    def extract_quote(self, transcript: str, start_time: str,
                      end_time: str, speaker: str, context: str) -> Quote:
        """Extract and store a quote with metadata."""
        # Pull text between timestamps
        pattern = rf'\[{re.escape(start_time)}\](.+?)(?=\[\d|$)'
        match = re.search(pattern, transcript, re.DOTALL)

        if match:
            text = match.group(1).strip()
            quote = Quote(
                text=text,
                timestamp=start_time,
                speaker=speaker,
                context=context
            )
            self.quotes.append(quote)
            return quote
        return None

    def verify_quote(self, quote: Quote, audio_path: str) -> bool:
        """Mark quote as verified against original recording."""
        # In practice: listen to audio at timestamp, confirm accuracy
        quote.verified = True
        return True

    def export_for_story(self) -> str:
        """Export verified quotes ready for publication."""
        output = []
        for q in self.quotes:
            if q.verified:
                output.append(f'"{q.text}"\n- {q.speaker}\n[Timestamp: {q.timestamp}]')
        return '\n\n'.join(output)

Quote accuracy checklist

Before publishing any quote:

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- [ ] Listened to original recording at timestamp
- [ ] Quote is verbatim (or clearly marked as paraphrased)
- [ ] Context preserved (not cherry-picked to change meaning)
- [ ] Speaker identified correctly
- [ ] Timestamp documented for fact-checker
- [ ] Source approved quote (if agreement made)

Source management database

Interview tracking schema

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from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from datetime import datetime
from typing import List, Optional
from enum import Enum

class SourceStatus(Enum):
    ACTIVE = "active"           # Currently engaged
    DORMANT = "dormant"         # Not recently contacted
    DECLINED = "declined"       # Refused to participate
    OFF_RECORD = "off_record"   # Background only

class InterviewType(Enum):
    ON_RECORD = "on_record"
    BACKGROUND = "background"
    DEEP_BACKGROUND = "deep_background"
    OFF_RECORD = "off_record"

@dataclass
class Source:
    name: str
    organization: str
    contact_info: dict  # email, phone, signal, etc.
    beat: str
    status: SourceStatus = SourceStatus.ACTIVE
    interviews: List['Interview'] = field(default_factory=list)
    notes: str = ""

    # Relationship tracking
    first_contact: Optional[datetime] = None
    trust_level: int = 1  # 1-5 scale

@dataclass
class Interview:
    source: str
    date: datetime
    interview_type: InterviewType
    recording_path: Optional[str] = None
    transcript_path: Optional[str] = None
    story_slug: Optional[str] = None
    key_quotes: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
    follow_up_needed: bool = False
    notes: str = ""

Quick source lookup

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def find_sources_for_story(sources: List[Source], topic: str,
                           beat: str = None) -> List[Source]:
    """Find relevant sources for a new story."""
    matches = []
    for source in sources:
        # Filter by beat if specified
        if beat and source.beat != beat:
            continue
        # Only suggest active sources
        if source.status != SourceStatus.ACTIVE:
            continue
        # Check if they've spoken on similar topics
        for interview in source.interviews:
            if topic.lower() in interview.notes.lower():
                matches.append(source)
                break

    # Sort by trust level
    return sorted(matches, key=lambda s: s.trust_level, reverse=True)

Audio/video processing

Batch processing multiple recordings

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from pathlib import Path
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
import json

def batch_transcribe(recordings_dir: str, output_dir: str) -> dict:
    """Process all recordings in a directory."""
    recordings = list(Path(recordings_dir).glob('*.wav')) + \
                 list(Path(recordings_dir).glob('*.mp3')) + \
                 list(Path(recordings_dir).glob('*.m4a'))

    results = {}

    with ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as executor:
        futures = {
            executor.submit(transcribe_interview, str(rec), output_dir): rec
            for rec in recordings
        }

        for future in futures:
            rec = futures[future]
            try:
                transcript = future.result()
                results[rec.name] = {
                    'status': 'success',
                    'transcript': transcript
                }
            except Exception as e:
                results[rec.name] = {
                    'status': 'error',
                    'error': str(e)
                }

    return results

Video interview extraction

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import subprocess

def extract_audio_from_video(video_path: str, output_path: str = None) -> str:
    """Extract audio track from video for transcription."""
    if output_path is None:
        output_path = video_path.rsplit('.', 1)[0] + '.wav'

    subprocess.run([
        'ffmpeg', '-i', video_path,
        '-vn',  # No video
        '-acodec', 'pcm_s16le',  # WAV format
        '-ar', '44100',  # Sample rate
        '-ac', '1',  # Mono
        output_path
    ], check=True)

    return output_path

Legal and ethical considerations

Consent documentation

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## Recording consent record

**Date**:
**Source name**:
**Recording type**: [ ] Audio [ ] Video
**Interview type**: [ ] On record [ ] Background [ ] Off record

### Consent obtained:
- [ ] Verbal consent recorded at start of interview
- [ ] Written consent form signed
- [ ] Email confirmation of consent

### Jurisdiction notes:
- Interview location state/country:
- One-party or two-party consent jurisdiction:
- Any specific restrictions agreed:

### Agreed terms:
- [ ] Full attribution allowed
- [ ] Organization attribution only
- [ ] Anonymous source
- [ ] Review quotes before publication
- [ ] Embargo until [date]:

Recording-consent jurisdiction

For the per-state breakdown of one-party vs. all-party consent, hidden-recording rules, and federal preemption, use the interview-prep skill (which points to the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press Reporter's Recording Guide, the authoritative continuously-updated source).

Always get explicit consent on recording regardless of jurisdiction. Note the consent verbatim at the head of every transcript file (timestamp, speaker, response). This protects you legally everywhere and gives the fact-checker a clean starting point.

Tools and resources

Related skills

• interview-prep, Pre-interview research, question design, consent scripts, and recording-law jurisdiction
• source-verification, Verify source credentials before interview
• fact-check-workflow, Verify quotes against the recording before publication
• foia-requests, Get documents to inform interview questions
• data-journalism, Analyze data sources mentioned in interviews
• newsroom-style, Convert verbatim quotes into AP-style copy for publication

Skill metadata