Cmux

cmux Control

cmux is a native macOS terminal app for running multiple AI coding agents in parallel. It exposes a CLI (cmux) and a Unix-socket JSON-RPC API (/tmp/cmux.sock) for full topology and browser control.

Core Concepts

• Window — top-level macOS cmux window
• Workspace — sidebar tab within a window (one git branch / project context)
• Pane — split region inside a workspace
• Surface — tab inside a pane (terminal or browser)

Handles default to short refs (workspace:2, pane:1, surface:7); UUIDs accepted as input. Add --id-format uuids|both for UUID output.

Ref syntax — get this right or fail silently

• Always use PREFIXED refs (pane:38, surface:46). A bare number is treated as an INDEX, not an ID — --surface 46 means "the surface at index 46" (usually nonexistent → silent failure), NOT surface:46.
• read-screen and capture-pane have NO --pane flag — they target --workspace or --surface only. Passing --pane errors, and a bare/missing target falls back to your OWN surface (you'll read your own footer and draw wrong conclusions). To read a pane: resolve it to a surface FIRST with cmux list-pane-surfaces --pane pane:N, then cmux read-screen --surface surface:N.
• Never append 2>/dev/null to cmux commands. Errors go to stderr with exit code 1; suppressing them blinds you to your own ref/flag mistakes (the #1 cause of "(no output)").

Detect cmux in a Shell

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[ -S "${CMUX_SOCKET_PATH:-/tmp/cmux.sock}" ] || exit 0   # bail if not in cmux
[ -n "${CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID:-}" ] && echo "inside cmux surface"

Injected env vars in every cmux-spawned terminal: CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID, CMUX_SURFACE_ID, CMUX_SOCKET_PATH, CMUX_PORT. Always anchor automation to CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID — the visually focused workspace may not be the agent's caller workspace.

Fast Start — Topology

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cmux identify --json                              # who am I (window/workspace/pane/surface)
cmux tree                                         # full hierarchy
cmux list-workspaces --json
cmux list-panes --workspace "$CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID"
cmux list-surfaces --workspace "$CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID"

cmux new-workspace --name "feature-x" --cwd /path/to/repo
cmux new-pane --workspace "$CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID" --type terminal --direction right --focus false
cmux new-pane --workspace "$CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID" --type browser  --direction right --url http://localhost:3000
cmux move-surface --surface surface:7 --pane pane:2 --focus false
cmux split-off --surface surface:7 right
cmux reorder-surface --surface surface:7 --before surface:3
cmux close-surface --surface surface:7

Polling Pi Agents in Panes — Keep Sleeps Short

When launching a Pi Agent inside a cmux pane and polling for output, use short sleep intervals (2–5s). Pi is fast and minimal, and the configured model streams tokens quickly. Do NOT use sleep 15 unless genuinely needed (a big build/refactor) — most of the time sleep 2–sleep 5 is more than enough.

Send Input

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cmux send "echo hi\n"                                       # focused terminal
cmux send-key "ctrl+c"                                       # enter|tab|esc|backspace|arrows|ctrl+x|shift+tab
cmux send-surface --surface surface:7 "npm run build\n"      # specific surface
cmux send-key-surface --surface surface:7 enter

Notifications & Sidebar Metadata

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cmux notify --title "Done" --body "tests passed"
cmux set-status build "compiling" --icon hammer --color "#ff9500"
cmux set-progress 0.5 --label "Building..."
cmux log --level success "All 42 tests passed"               # info|progress|success|warning|error
cmux trigger-flash --workspace "$CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID"          # blue-ring attention cue
cmux sidebar-state --json                                    # dump all sidebar metadata

Browser Automation (WKWebView)

Workflow: open → wait → snapshot → act → re-snapshot.

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S=$(cmux --json browser open https://example.com | jq -r .result.surface_ref)
cmux browser "$S" wait --load-state complete --timeout-ms 15000
cmux browser "$S" snapshot --interactive                     # returns elements as e1, e2, ...
cmux browser "$S" fill e1 "jane@example.com"
cmux browser "$S" click e2 --snapshot-after

# Navigation / inspection
cmux browser "$S" goto URL | back | forward | reload
cmux browser "$S" get url | get title | get text body | get value "#email" | get count ".row"
cmux browser "$S" eval 'return document.title'

# Waits
cmux browser "$S" wait --selector "#ready" --timeout-ms 10000
cmux browser "$S" wait --url-contains "/dashboard" --timeout-ms 10000

# Session
cmux browser "$S" cookies get | cookies set --name foo --value bar
cmux browser "$S" state save /tmp/auth.json | state load /tmp/auth.json

# Diagnostics
cmux browser "$S" console list | errors list | screenshot

Not supported by WKWebView (return not_supported): viewport emulation, geolocation/offline emulation, trace recording, network route interception, raw input injection.

Markdown Viewer

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cmux markdown open plan.md --direction right                 # live-watching renderer
cmux open file.pdf                                           # auto-routes to right viewer

cmux markdown open flags: --workspace, --surface, --window, --direction <right|down|left|up>, --focus <true|false>. There is NO --pane flag — passing it errors. To target a pane, pass --surface <existing-md-surface-in-that-pane>.

Reuse the existing right markdown pane (don't spawn strays)

Default behavior of markdown open is to create a new pane every time, even with --direction right. To keep all docs as tabs in ONE right pane, follow this exactly:

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# 1. Find the right pane and its surfaces (anchor to THIS workspace)
cmux list-panes --workspace "$CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID"
cmux list-pane-surfaces --pane pane:10        # the right/helper pane

# 2. Open targeting an existing markdown surface IN that pane (reuses pane, adds tab)
cmux markdown open /abs/path/file.md --surface surface:12 --focus false

# 3. If it STILL spawned a new pane (it can), move the new surface in + verify
cmux move-surface --surface surface:NEW --pane pane:10 --focus false
cmux list-panes --workspace "$CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID"   # confirm stray pane is gone

Swapping the file in the single right pane (close-FIRST, then open)

To replace the doc shown in your one right markdown pane, the ONLY reliable order is close the previous surface FIRST, then markdown open the new file fresh — never move an existing viewer, never open-then-close.

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# 1. close the previous right markdown surface (right side goes empty)
cmux list-panes --workspace "$CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID"
cmux close-surface --surface surface:PREV
# 2. THEN open the new file fresh
cmux markdown open /abs/path/new.md --direction right --focus false

ORDER MATTERS: close-previous BEFORE open-new. Opening first then closing the old one, or move-surface-ing an existing viewer, leaves the right pane BLANK.

Hard-won lessons (avoid the trial-and-error)

• Surface refs are global, not per-workspace. A ref like surface:126 from an earlier markdown open may live in a different window/workspace. Always re-list (list-panes / list-pane-surfaces) before reusing a ref — never assume a ref from a previous turn is still in the right pane.
• move-surface-ing a markdown viewer often leaves it BLANK. The moved surface keeps type=markdown and surface-health looks fine, but renders nothing. Fix: close-surface it and cmux markdown open <path> fresh, then move the fresh surface if needed. Don't waste time on refresh-surfaces — it usually won't fix a moved-then-blank viewer.
• You cannot screenshot or read-screen a markdown surface (Surface is not a terminal / browser screenshot is WKWebView-only). To verify a markdown viewer rendered, ask the user or open the file in a browser surface instead. Don't burn turns trying to capture it.
• cmux list-surfaces does not exist. Use cmux list-pane-surfaces [--pane ...].

Settings & Config

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cmux docs settings        # prints paths, schema URL, reload cmd — read BEFORE editing
cmux settings path        # path to cmux.json
cmux settings cmux-json   # open in editor
cmux reload-config        # hot-reload cmux.json + ~/.config/ghostty/config (Cmd+Shift+,)

Locations:

• cmux settings: ~/.config/cmux/cmux.json (canonical). Project-local override: .cmux/cmux.json or ./cmux.json.
• Terminal rendering (font, cursor, theme, scrollback, opacity, blur): ~/.config/ghostty/config — NOT cmux.json.

Before editing cmux.json, copy it to a timestamped .bak next to it so the user can revert. Schema: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/manaflow-ai/cmux/main/web/data/cmux.schema.json.

Agent Hooks & Install

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brew tap manaflow-ai/cmux && brew install --cask cmux
sudo ln -sf /Applications/cmux.app/Contents/Resources/bin/cmux /usr/local/bin/cmux
cmux hooks setup                                             # all detected agents
cmux hooks setup codex|grok|antigravity|opencode             # specific agent
npx skills add manaflow-ai/cmux -g -y                        # install cmux skills for agents

Native session-resume supported for: Claude Code, Codex, Grok, OpenCode, Pi, Amp, Cursor CLI, Gemini, Antigravity, Rovo Dev, Hermes, Copilot, CodeBuddy, Factory, Qoder.

Socket API (advanced)

/tmp/cmux.sock — Unix socket, JSON-RPC v2. Use for tight loops where subprocess spawn cost matters; otherwise prefer the CLI.

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echo '{"id":"1","method":"workspace.list","params":{}}' | nc -U /tmp/cmux.sock

Method prefixes: system.*, window.*, workspace.*, pane.*, surface.*, notification.*, browser.*. Full list and Python client example in references/socket-api.md.

Access modes: cmuxOnly (default — only cmux-spawned processes), automation (any local process), password, allowAll (unsafe). If you hit Failed to connect to socket, you're likely an external process under cmuxOnly — switch mode in Settings > Automation or run from inside a cmux terminal.

Critical Rules — Non-Disruptive Automation

These rules come from the cmux-workspace skill and prevent agents from yanking the user's focus:

1. Anchor to CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID. Never assume the visually focused workspace is the target.
2. Never call focus-changing verbs speculatively. select-workspace, focus-pane, focus-panel, focus-surface only on explicit user request. Pass --focus false whenever available.
3. Build layout additively in one call. cmux new-pane --type … --focus false beats create-then-move-then-focus chains.
4. Right-side helper pane pattern. Reuse an existing non-caller helper pane if present; otherwise create exactly one right-side pane.
5. Never send input to surfaces you don't own. Only target surfaces in the caller's workspace unless the user explicitly asks for cross-workspace routing.
6. Check surface health before routing input when UI state may be stale: cmux surface-health.

Common Pitfalls

• Pi/Pi-like socket connection failures from external processes → default cmuxOnly mode; either run inside a cmux terminal or change socket mode.
• macOS only. No Linux/Windows port.
• WKWebView ≠ CDP. Don't expect Playwright-equivalent network mocking or viewport emulation.
• Resume strips sensitive env vars. Re-inject tokens at resume time if the agent needs them.
• Skills snapshot at app start. Edits to skill files require a restart of the consuming agent.
• Legacy v1 socket payloads ({"command":...}) rejected. Use v2 JSON-RPC only.
• Don't cat ~/.cmuxterm/*-hook-sessions.json expecting secrets — they're scrubbed. Look there for session/surface mappings only.

Reference: Full CLI Help

For any command, cmux <cmd> --help is authoritative. Use cmux capabilities --json to enumerate available socket methods in the current build.

Keyboard Shortcuts (most-used)

Workspaces: ⌘N new, ⌘1–8 jump, ⌃⌘[ / ⌃⌘] prev/next, ⌘⇧W close, ⌘B sidebar. Surfaces: ⌘T new, ⌘⇧[ / ⌘⇧] prev/next, ⌘W close, ⌃1–8 jump. Splits: ⌘D right, ⌘⇧D down, ⌥⌘D browser right, ⌥⌘←→↑↓ focus directional, ⌘⇧↵ zoom. Browser: ⌘⇧L open, ⌘L address bar, ⌘[/⌘] back/forward, ⌥⌘I devtools. App: ⌘, settings, ⌘⇧, reload-config, ⌘⇧P palette, ⌘⇧O restore session, ⌃⌥⌘. system-wide show/hide.