Atheris

Atheris

Atheris is a coverage-guided Python fuzzer built on libFuzzer. It enables fuzzing of both pure Python code and Python C extensions with integrated AddressSanitizer support for detecting memory corruption issues.

When to Use

Choose Atheris when:

• Fuzzing pure Python code with coverage guidance
• Testing Python C extensions for memory corruption
• Integration with libFuzzer ecosystem is desired
• AddressSanitizer support is needed

Quick Start

pythonCopy code
import sys
import atheris

@atheris.instrument_func
def TestOneInput(data: bytes):
    if len(data) == 4:
        if data[0] == 0x46:  # "F"
            if data[1] == 0x55:  # "U"
                if data[2] == 0x5A:  # "Z"
                    if data[3] == 0x5A:  # "Z"
                        raise RuntimeError("You caught me")

def main():
    atheris.Setup(sys.argv, TestOneInput)
    atheris.Fuzz()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Run:

bashCopy code
uv run python fuzz.py

Installation

Atheris supports 32-bit and 64-bit Linux, and macOS. We recommend fuzzing on Linux because it's simpler to manage and often faster.

Prerequisites

• Python 3.7 or later
• Recent version of clang (preferably latest release)
• For Docker users: Docker Desktop

Linux/macOS

bashCopy code
uv init --bare   # once, if the harness directory is not yet a uv project
uv add atheris

Docker Environment (Recommended)

For a fully operational Linux environment with all dependencies configured:

dockerfileCopy code
# https://hub.docker.com/_/python
ARG PYTHON_VERSION=3.11

FROM python:$PYTHON_VERSION-slim-bookworm

RUN python --version

RUN apt update && apt install -y \
    ca-certificates \
    wget \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

# LLVM builds version 15-19 for Debian 12 (Bookworm)
# https://apt.llvm.org/bookworm/dists/
ARG LLVM_VERSION=19

RUN echo "deb http://apt.llvm.org/bookworm/ llvm-toolchain-bookworm-$LLVM_VERSION main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/llvm.list
RUN echo "deb-src http://apt.llvm.org/bookworm/ llvm-toolchain-bookworm-$LLVM_VERSION main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/llvm.list
RUN wget -qO- https://apt.llvm.org/llvm-snapshot.gpg.key > /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/apt.llvm.org.asc

RUN apt update && apt install -y \
    build-essential \
    clang-$LLVM_VERSION \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

ENV APP_DIR "/app"
RUN mkdir $APP_DIR
WORKDIR $APP_DIR

ENV VIRTUAL_ENV "/opt/venv"
RUN python -m venv $VIRTUAL_ENV
ENV PATH "$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin:$PATH"

# https://github.com/google/atheris/blob/master/native_extension_fuzzing.md#step-1-compiling-your-extension
ENV CC="clang-$LLVM_VERSION"
ENV CFLAGS "-fsanitize=address,fuzzer-no-link"
ENV CXX="clang++-$LLVM_VERSION"
ENV CXXFLAGS "-fsanitize=address,fuzzer-no-link"
ENV LDSHARED="clang-$LLVM_VERSION -shared"
ENV LDSHAREDXX="clang++-$LLVM_VERSION -shared"
ENV ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH="/usr/bin/llvm-symbolizer-$LLVM_VERSION"

# Allow Atheris to find fuzzer sanitizer shared libs
# https://github.com/google/atheris#building-from-source
RUN LIBFUZZER_LIB=$($CC -print-file-name=libclang_rt.fuzzer_no_main-$(uname -m).a) \
    python -m pip install --no-binary atheris atheris

# https://github.com/google/atheris/blob/master/native_extension_fuzzing.md#option-a-sanitizerlibfuzzer-preloads
ENV LD_PRELOAD "$VIRTUAL_ENV/lib/python3.11/site-packages/asan_with_fuzzer.so"

# 1. Skip memory allocation failures for now, they are common, and low impact (DoS)
# 2. https://github.com/google/atheris/blob/master/native_extension_fuzzing.md#leak-detection
ENV ASAN_OPTIONS "allocator_may_return_null=1,detect_leaks=0"

CMD ["/bin/bash"]

Build and run:

bashCopy code
docker build -t atheris .
docker run -it atheris

Verification

bashCopy code
python -c "import atheris; print(atheris.__version__)"

Writing a Harness

Harness Structure for Pure Python

pythonCopy code
import sys
import atheris

@atheris.instrument_func
def TestOneInput(data: bytes):
    """
    Fuzzing entry point. Called with random byte sequences.

    Args:
        data: Random bytes generated by the fuzzer
    """
    # Add input validation if needed
    if len(data) < 1:
        return

    # Call your target function
    try:
        your_target_function(data)
    except ValueError:
        # Expected exceptions should be caught
        pass
    # Let unexpected exceptions crash (that's what we're looking for!)

def main():
    atheris.Setup(sys.argv, TestOneInput)
    atheris.Fuzz()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Structured Input with FuzzedDataProvider

A target taking several typed arguments wastes most of the fuzzer's inputs if the harness slices data by hand, because every mutation shifts the byte offsets of everything after it. atheris.FuzzedDataProvider splits one bytes input into typed values instead:

pythonCopy code
fdp = atheris.FuzzedDataProvider(data)
name = fdp.ConsumeUnicodeNoSurrogates(fdp.ConsumeIntInRange(0, 64))
strict = fdp.ConsumeBool()

See structured-input.md for the full method reference, the fixed-draw- order rule, and what each method returns once the buffer runs dry.

Harness Rules

See Also: For detailed harness writing techniques, patterns for handling complex inputs, and advanced strategies, see the fuzz-harness-writing technique skill.

Fuzzing Pure Python Code

For fuzzing broader parts of an application or library, use instrumentation functions:

pythonCopy code
import atheris
with atheris.instrument_imports():
    import your_module
    from another_module import target_function

def TestOneInput(data: bytes):
    target_function(data)

atheris.Setup(sys.argv, TestOneInput)
atheris.Fuzz()

Instrumentation Options:

• atheris.instrument_func - Decorator for single function instrumentation
• atheris.instrument_imports() - Context manager for instrumenting all imported modules
• atheris.instrument_all() - Instrument all Python code system-wide

Fuzzing Python C Extensions

Python C extensions require compilation with specific flags for instrumentation and sanitizer support.

Environment Configuration

If using the provided Dockerfile, these are already configured. For local setup:

bashCopy code
export CC="clang"
export CFLAGS="-fsanitize=address,fuzzer-no-link"
export CXX="clang++"
export CXXFLAGS="-fsanitize=address,fuzzer-no-link"
export LDSHARED="clang -shared"

Example: Fuzzing cbor2

Install the extension from source:

bashCopy code
CBOR2_BUILD_C_EXTENSION=1 uv add --no-binary-package cbor2 'cbor2==5.6.4'

The --no-binary-package flag ensures the C extension is compiled locally with instrumentation rather than pulled as a prebuilt wheel. Persist that choice with no-binary-package = ["cbor2"] under [tool.uv] in pyproject.toml, or a later uv sync can silently swap in an uninstrumented wheel.

Create cbor2-fuzz.py:

pythonCopy code
import sys
import atheris

# _cbor2 ensures the C library is imported
from _cbor2 import loads

def TestOneInput(data: bytes):
    try:
        loads(data)
    except Exception:
        # We're searching for memory corruption, not Python exceptions
        pass

def main():
    atheris.Setup(sys.argv, TestOneInput)
    atheris.Fuzz()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Run:

bashCopy code
uv run python cbor2-fuzz.py

Important: When running locally (not in Docker), you must set LD_PRELOAD manually.

Corpus Management

Creating Initial Corpus

bashCopy code
mkdir corpus
# Add seed inputs
echo "test data" > corpus/seed1
echo '{"key": "value"}' > corpus/seed2

Run with corpus:

bashCopy code
uv run python fuzz.py corpus/

Corpus Minimization

Atheris inherits corpus minimization from libFuzzer:

bashCopy code
uv run python fuzz.py -merge=1 new_corpus/ old_corpus/

See Also: For corpus creation strategies, dictionaries, and seed selection, see the fuzzing-corpus technique skill.

Running Campaigns

Basic Run

bashCopy code
uv run python fuzz.py

With Corpus Directory

bashCopy code
uv run python fuzz.py corpus/

Common Options

bashCopy code
# Run for 10 minutes
uv run python fuzz.py -max_total_time=600

# Limit input size
uv run python fuzz.py -max_len=1024

# Run with multiple workers
uv run python fuzz.py -workers=4 -jobs=4

Interpreting Output

Sanitizer Integration

AddressSanitizer (ASan)

AddressSanitizer is automatically integrated when using the provided Docker environment or when compiling with appropriate flags.

For local setup:

bashCopy code
export CFLAGS="-fsanitize=address,fuzzer-no-link"
export CXXFLAGS="-fsanitize=address,fuzzer-no-link"

Configure ASan behavior:

bashCopy code
export ASAN_OPTIONS="allocator_may_return_null=1,detect_leaks=0"

LD_PRELOAD Configuration

For native extension fuzzing:

bashCopy code
export LD_PRELOAD="$(python -c 'import atheris; import os; print(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(atheris.__file__), "asan_with_fuzzer.so"))')"

See Also: For detailed sanitizer configuration, common issues, and advanced flags, see the address-sanitizer and undefined-behavior-sanitizer technique skills.

Common Sanitizer Issues

Advanced Usage

Tips and Tricks

Custom Instrumentation

Fine-tune what gets instrumented:

pythonCopy code
import atheris

# Instrument only specific modules
with atheris.instrument_imports():
    import target_module
# Don't instrument test harness code

def TestOneInput(data: bytes):
    target_module.parse(data)

Performance Tuning

UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer (UBSan)

Add UBSan to catch additional bugs:

bashCopy code
export CFLAGS="-fsanitize=address,undefined,fuzzer-no-link"
export CXXFLAGS="-fsanitize=address,undefined,fuzzer-no-link"

Note: Modify flags in Dockerfile if using containerized setup.

Real-World Examples

Two complete harnesses — a pure-Python parser and an HTTP response parser — are in examples.md.

Troubleshooting

Related Skills

Technique Skills

Related Fuzzers

Resources

Key External Resources

Atheris GitHub Repository Official repository with installation instructions, examples, and documentation for fuzzing both pure Python and native extensions.

Native Extension Fuzzing Guide Comprehensive guide covering compilation flags, LD_PRELOAD setup, sanitizer configuration, and troubleshooting for Python C extensions.

Continuously Fuzzing Python C Extensions Trail of Bits blog post covering CI/CD integration, ClusterFuzzLite setup, and real-world examples of fuzzing Python C extensions in continuous integration pipelines.

ClusterFuzzLite Python Integration Guide for integrating Atheris fuzzing into CI/CD pipelines using ClusterFuzzLite for automated continuous fuzzing.

Video Resources

Videos and tutorials are available in the main Atheris documentation and libFuzzer resources.